Synthesis and characterization of Magnesium doped Bismuth Phosphate Nanomaterial’s for antifungal and antibacterial packaging

Abstract

Magnesium-doped bismuth phosphate (Mg-BiPO₄) nanoparticles were synthesized using the sol-gel method, offering a cost-effective and scalable approach to obtain highly crystalline and uniform nanomaterials. The optical and compositional properties of the synthesized materials were characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Vibrational bands of bismuth phosphate were detected by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. UV-visible spectroscopy shows decreased optical band gap. Using disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) experiments, the antifungal activity of Mg-BiPO₄ was assessed against common pathogenic fungi, such as Aspergillus niger. The results showed that bismuth phosphate's antifungal effectiveness was considerably increased by magnesium doping, most likely as a result of increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and surface activity. With lower MIC values than undoped bismuth phosphate, the material demonstrated broad-spectrum antifungal activity, suggest it as useful antifungal agent. The antimicrobial activity of Mg-BiPO₄ was evaluated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungi, using the sol-gel method.  Mg doping significantly enhanced the antimicrobial efficacy of bismuth phosphate, attributed to the synergistic effects of magnesium ions and bismuth species. Zone of inhibition studies revealed superior performance compared to undoped BiPO₄, indicating potential applications in antimicrobial coatings and biomedical devices.