Hybrid Energy Systems for Heavy Vehicles: Combining Heat Recovery and Renewable Energy Sources

Muhammad Atif Nazir1*; Adnan Sajjad; Sheeraz Ahmed; Abdul Sattar; Tauseef Iqbal; Sareer Ahmad; Asad Riaz; Ahsan Akram

Authors

Muhammad Atif Nazir1* Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore.
Adnan Sajjad Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birmingham City University
Sheeraz Ahmed Department of Electrical Engineering, Sukkur IBA University, Sindh, Pakistan
Abdul Sattar Department of Electronics, University of Larkano, Pakistan
Tauseef Iqbal Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, GIKI, Pakistan
Sareer Ahmad Department of Mechanical Engineering, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan
Asad Riaz Department of Mechanical, Energy, Management and Transportation Engineering, School of Polytechnic, University of Genova, 16145, Itlay.
Ahsan Akram Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan

Abstract

Hybrid energy systems in heavy-duty vehicles have chance to boost fuel efficiency and cut environmental harm. By using technologies like regenerative braking, waste heat recovery, and renewable energy sources (like solar, wind, and hydrogen fuel cells), hybrid systems can enhance fuel economy by as much as 30% and lower CO₂ emissions by almost 40%. Developments in energy storage, like solid-state batteries, and progress in hydrogen fuel cells and thermoelectric generators have made these systems more practical for larger use, enhancing energy performance and cost. Even, the consumption of hybrid energy systems has many hurdles. High initial costs, lack of sufficient charging and refueling stations, and the complexity of combining different energy sources are big challenges. Also, good energy management systems are key to making sure energy from renewable sources and waste heat recovery is used effectively. To tackle these issues, we need ongoing tech innovation, funding for infrastructure, and robust government backing. The environmental and economic gains of hybrid systems are major. They can cut CO₂ emissions by up to 40%, improving air quality and helping achieve global climate targets, like those in the Paris Agreement. On the economic side, hybrid systems bring long-term savings on fuel and maintenance costs, with a typical return on investment (ROI) seen within 5-7 years. Future studies need to look at better materials, lighter composites, and stronger energy storage options to boost hybrid system efficiency. Also, using artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) for managing energy in real time and predicting maintenance should make systems more reliable. Working together, governments, manufacturers, and researchers must tackle tech challenges and promote the broader use of hybrid energy systems, helping to create a future with sustainable and efficient transportation.

Keywords: Hybrid Energy, Heavy Vehicle, Renewable Energy